Correction and Retraction

JoEMS maintains the accuracy of its published record through proportionate editorial action.

Corrections address errors that require amendment while the article’s central findings remain reliable.

Expressions of concern alert readers to serious, unresolved questions while an investigation is pending or inconclusive.

Retractions address unreliable findings or serious publication problems, including substantial plagiarism, duplicate publication, unethical research, or compromised peer review.

Authors must promptly report significant errors. Editors will assess evidence, request responses, and seek institutional assistance where necessary.

Notices will identify the article, explain the action, and link to the original publication. Retracted articles will ordinarily remain accessible and clearly marked. Exceptional removal requires a compelling legal, privacy, or safety justification.

These actions protect the scholarly record and are not intended as punishment.