Business and Economic Publication is committed to upholding the integrity of the academic record. We strictly adhere to the guidelines set forth by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) regarding conflicts of interest, post-publication discussions, and the correction or retraction of published articles.

1. Conflict of Interest (Competing Interests) Policy

A conflict of interest (COI) exists when an author, reviewer, or editor has financial, personal, or professional relationships that could inappropriately influence (bias) their actions or judgments during the publication process.

• Authors: All authors must disclose any potential conflicts of interest upon submission. This includes research funding, grants, consulting fees, or personal relationships related to the manuscript. If no conflict exists, authors must state: "The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper."

• Reviewers and Editors: Reviewers must decline the invitation to review if they have a conflict of interest with the authors or the research topic. Editors will recuse themselves from handling manuscripts where they have a direct conflict of interest.

2. Post-Publication Discussion

Business and Economic Publication welcomes objective and constructive academic discussions regarding the articles we publish.

• Readers or scholars who wish to critique, challenge, or discuss a published article may submit a formal "Letter to the Editor" or a short commentary manuscript.

• All post-publication critiques will undergo editorial review. If deemed substantial and academically valid, the critique will be published.

• The original authors of the discussed article will be given the right of reply, and their response may be published alongside the critique to foster balanced academic debate.

3. Corrections and Retractions Policy

To maintain the integrity of the scientific record, the journal handles errors and misconduct proactively:

• Corrections (Erratum/Corrigendum): Issued when honest errors are identified in a published article (e.g., typographical errors in formulas, mislabeled figures, or missing author names) that do not invalidate the core findings. The correction will be published as a separate notice linked to the original article.

• Retractions: An article will be retracted if there is clear evidence of severe scientific misconduct (e.g., data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, unethical research) or fundamental errors that invalidate the conclusions. Retractions follow COPE guidelines. A Retraction Notice will be published explaining the reasons. The original article file will remain online but will be digitally watermarked with the word "RETRACTED".