Authorship credit at Business and Economic Publication is strictly reserved for individuals who have made a substantial and intellectual contribution to the research. Our policy aligns with the standard publication ethics guidelines established by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

To be listed as an author, an individual must meet all four of the following criteria:

1. Substantial Contribution: Made a significant contribution to the conception or design of the research, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data (e.g., statistical/econometric data processing, economic modeling, management observation, or market research).

2. Drafting and Revising: Actively involved in drafting the manuscript or critically revising it for important intellectual content related to economics and business.

3. Final Approval: Gave final approval of the version to be published.

4. Accountability: Agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work, ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the research are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Non-Author Contributors Individuals who do not meet all four criteria above—but have provided support or assistance to the research—should not be listed as lead authors or co-authors. Such supporting assistance includes, but is not limited to:

• Acquisition of funding or purely administrative support.

• General data collection (such as distributing questionnaires) without involvement in the analysis.

• Language editing (proofreading) or manuscript formatting/layout.

• General supervision from a department head or institution.

These contributors should be acknowledged in the Acknowledgement section of the manuscript, with their written permission to be named.

Corresponding Author Responsibilities The corresponding author is the primary individual responsible for communicating with the editorial board throughout the peer-review and publication process. The corresponding author is also responsible for ensuring that all co-authors have seen, read, and approved the final version of the manuscript before submission.

Changes to Authorship Any requests to add, remove, or rearrange author names must be made before the manuscript is formally Accepted. The corresponding author must submit a formal request to the Editor-in-Chief, which must include:

1. The justification or reason for the change in authorship (e.g., a team member contributed to additional data analysis during the revision process).

2. Written confirmation (e.g., via email or formal letter) from all existing authors—including those being added or removed—stating their agreement to the change.

Once a manuscript has been published, Business and Economic Publication will not entertain any requests for changes to authorship, except in cases of typographical errors made by the editorial staff.